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Sunday, January 30, 2011
Nazi shooting Father Piotr Sosnowski
'Et Papa
tacet': The Genocide of Polish Catholics
Commonweal
April 8, 2005
source
Much has been written about Pope Pius XII and the Jews. His
unwillingness to speak out explicitly against the murder of Jews in occupied
Poland during World War II is well known. Less well known is that before the
killing of Jews in death camps began, Pius had to deal with the genocide of
Polish Catholics. Until recently, no one understood how the destiny of these
two people intersected in the middle of World War II, an intersection that led
tragically to the genocide of Jews and to a respite for Catholics.
To Polish Jewish survivors of the Holocaust, it didn't appear
that the Germans intended a genocide of ethnic Poles. For one thing, Jews were
rounded up by Germans, while the ordinary people of Poland were not. But this
fact leads to a mistaken conclusion. The Germans did intend genocide for ethnic
Poles. This plan was two-tiered: first, the Nazis would take out the
intelligentsia and church leaders; second, after the common people's labor
potential had been used up, they'd be eliminated. It is generally known that
the Nazis murdered between 5 and 6 million Jews during the war, mostly in gas
chambers in occupied Poland. It is less widely understood that if Germany had
won, Polish Catholics would have been slowly (or not so slowly) used as slave
labor and then murdered.
As far as the Nazis were
concerned, Poland itself was to be eliminated. "We shall push the borders
of our German race," SS leader Heinrich Himmler said, "five hundred
kilometers to the east. All Poles will disappear from the world." In the
fall of 1939--soon after the war began--the western, German-occupied half of
Poland was divided in two. The northwest area was annexed to Germany, and the
rest, called the General Government, was used as a dumping ground for
dispossessed Poles from the northwest and as a ghetto for Jews. Hitler then
ordered the killing of the Catholic intelligentsia. Later, others, called
"primitive Poles," were used as a migrant work force and starved to
death.
The Vatican knew of German atrocities against the
Poles practically from the war's start. Pope Pius XII reacted swiftly. In
December 1939, the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano decried both the
closing of many Polish schools and churches, and the fact that many priests and
nuns were being sent to concentration camps or into exile. In January 1940,
Vatican Radio reported that Jews and Poles were "being herded into
separate ghettos, hermetically sealed, where they face starvation while Polish
grain is shipped to Germany." Vatican Radio's accusations were remarkable.
Germans were not singled out as the perpetrators, but this was hardly
necessary. (Who else could have committed the atrocities in western Poland?)
The broadcast went so far as to identify victims by name--Jews and Poles alike.
The reference to genocide by starvation was made powerfully clear.
This statement by Vatican Radio turned out to be the
strongest, most specific one that the papacy would make about wartime
atrocities. Soon after, the Vatican plunged into silence. No more pointed
broadcasts. No more damning coverage in L'Osservatore Romano.
Polish Catholics and their church were left to suffer in isolation, and
their suffering intensified until 1942. The Germans, knowing Catholicism to be
a sacramental and hierarchical religion, attacked the church at these levels.
Thirty-nine of western Poland's forty-six bishops were deported, imprisoned, or
otherwise put down. Priests were jailed or sent to concentration camps--2,800
to Dachau alone, of whom all but 816 died. In one diocese, 291 of 646 priests
were killed. By mid-1942, only 10 priests remained in the diocese of Gnesen to
administer the sacraments to 359,000 Catholics. A staggering 20 percent of
Poland's clergy failed to survive the war.
Because he
believed the war effort required internal unity, Hitler did not allow
high-ranking subordinates such as Himmler and Martin Bormann to persecute the
church to this extent in Germany. But no such restriction inhibited them in
Poland, where the hierarchy were suppressed through deportation and arrest, and
where religious communities were suppressed. The Nazis closed innumerable
churches and used many as barracks, garages, or warehouses. They shut down
seminaries, forbade ordinations, and banned Catholic organizations.
Administering the sacraments was strictly limited, especially Sunday Eucharist
and confession. Or, if confession was allowed, the penitent was not allowed to
receive Communion (at the time, the two sacraments were usually taken
together). Thus did the Nazis attempt to disrupt religious life entirely in occupied
Poland.
Killing was widespread as well. Gauleiter Arthur
Greiser, the Nazi administrator of the Wartheland, killed thousands of
Catholics in northwestern Poland. Throughout the war, hundreds of thousands of
Poles were shipped to Germany as forced laborers. The bodies of those who died
in transit were thrown into roadside ditches. The Germans also sterilized young
Polish men and women by using x-rays on their reproductive organs. And as they
had done earlier in Germany, they killed patients in Polish mental hospitals.
At a facility in Chelm, 428 children were given morphine, then shot. Many
patients in medical hospitals were simply thrown out. Initially, most of those
imprisoned or murdered by the Nazis were Catholic leaders in the business,
political, academic, and religious realms. Until 1942, for example, there were
more Catholic prisoners in Auschwitz than Jews.
The
persecution of the Polish church during the first years of the war ranks among
the bloodiest persecutions in Catholic history. In their despair, church
leaders turned to Pope Pius, begging him to condemn the atrocities. He refused.
In 1942, Bishop Adam Sapieha of Cracow wrote to the pope saying that the
situation was "tragic in the extreme. We are robbed of all human rights.
We are exposed to atrocities at the hands of people who lack any notion of
human feeling. We live in constant, terrible fear." Sapieha warned the
pope that the faithful were losing confidence and respect for Pius because he
hadn't condemned the horrors. Another Polish church leader wrote to Pius that
some of the faithful were now asking "whether there was a God," and
whether the pope "had completely forgotten about the Poles." Hardly a
month passed without the pope's receiving an appeal to speak out. Some Poles
thought the pope's silence meant he was in league with Hitler. Apostolic
Administrator Hilarius Breitinger of Wartheland told the pope that Poles were
asking "if the pope could not help and why he keeps silent." Pius
responded that he was afraid that if he condemned the atrocities, they would
only worsen. Polish church leaders answered that matters could not get any
worse. Pius in turn replied that it was Poland's lot to suffer for the greater
glory of God.
Pius XII's severest critic was Bishop
Karol Radonski (exiled from his diocese of Wloclawek). In September 1942,
Radonski wrote two letters to the pope that the editors of the Vatican's World
War II documents have described as "violent." After running through a
laundry list of atrocities and deprivations, Radonski pointed an accusatory
finger at Pope Pius, "et Papa tacet" (and the pope keeps silent).
From these documents, we see that the first accusations of Pius's silence
during World War II came not from outside the church, or in reference to Jews,
but from inside the church, in reference to Catholics.
The
highly critical letters of Bishop Radonski were the last criticism the Vatican
received from Polish clergy. Beginning in late 1942, the tone of correspondence
from Poland to Rome shifted dramatically. Bishop Adamski of Katowice wrote that
Catholics were remaining faithful. Apostolic Administrator Breitinger wrote
that Poles now understood that the pope's silence had been a "heroic
silence." Sensing the mood swing, Pius responded with a letter praising
the Poles for their "heroic silence." Of course they had not been
silent at all, but the pope's letter was a great success. Bishop Sapieha wrote
that his countrymen would never forget the pope's noble and saintly words.
What accounts for this abrupt turnaround in Vatican-Polish
relations in early 1943? The answer can be found not in papal dealings with the
Polish church, but in the events of the war and Hitler's evil designs. The
German army's blitzkrieg into Russia in 1941 foundered with its soldiers in
sight of Moscow and Leningrad. Ill prepared for winter, the army was forced to
fall back. All efforts then turned to preparing for a second assault in 1942.
From the beginning of the war until mid-1942, ghettoized Jews had been forced
into labor on starvation diets. The Nazis called it death through attrition,
and, it worked. But in contemplating a renewed confrontation with Soviet
forces, the army realized that it badly needed the warm clothing and military
gear the Jews were producing. At that point, the German military command wanted
less attrition and more production.
But that wasn't
Hitler's agenda. In July 1942, he gave Himmler the order to kill all ghettoized
Jews. By then, there were six death camps in occupied Poland (excluding the
later facilities at Auschwitz-Birkenau). In the second half of 1942, nearly a
half-million Jews from the Warsaw ghetto were mercilessly liquidated, a process
that befell all other ghettos. As eminent Holocaust scholar Christopher
Browning has said, death through labor gave way to death of labor. The only
work force that could now replace the Jews were Poland's Catholics, and in
September 1942, the army high command ordered "that Jewish workers were
now to be replaced with Poles." By the end of the year, the substitution
of Catholic for Jewish workers had been completed. At the same time, criticism
of the pope by Polish churchmen ended.
Carrying out the
Holocaust after 1942 meant a temporary suspension of the genocidal agenda
intended against Polish Catholics--their labor was too valuable. This is how the
destinies of Polish Jews and Polish Catholics crossed paths. When the Germans
lost at Stalingrad in the spring of 1943 and Hitler was forced to retreat, the
planned genocide of Polish Catholics never resumed in earnest.
Pius XII remained unmoved by the pleas of the Polish hierarchy
before 1943 to denounce German atrocities in Poland. But the bishops themselves
did no better when it came to the murder of Poland's Jews. It was not until
1995, fifty years after their deafening silence, that the Polish Catholic
hierarchy apologized. Pius XII never did.
Michael Phayer
is professor of history emeritus at Marquette University.
COPYRIGHT
2005 Commonweal Foundation
COPYRIGHT
2005 Gale Group
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